La República Democrática de Santo Tomé y Príncipe, es un país africano formado por varias islas
localizadas en el golfo de Guinea, específicamente al noroeste de la costa de
Gabón, muy cerca de la línea ecuatorial. Las islas de mayor importancia son:
Santo Tomé y Príncipe.
Las islas de Santo Tomé y
Príncipe, situadas sobre el Atlántico ecuatorial, a 300 km y 250 km
respectivamente de la costa noroeste de Gabón, constituyen el país más pequeño
de África. Las islas forman parte de una cadena montañosa de volcanes extintos
que incluyen también las islas de Annobón al sudoeste y de Bioko al noreste,
que pertenecen a Guinea Ecuatorial, y el Monte Camerún en la costa oeste de
África.
La isla de Santo Tomé tiene un
tamaño de 50 km de largo y 32 km de ancho y es la más montañosa de las islas.
Su máxima altura es de 2.024 m y en ella vive la mayor cantidad de población y
se encuentra la capital del país, la ciudad de Santo Tomé.
La isla de Príncipe tiene un
tamaño de 16 km de largo y 6 km de ancho, y es la segunda en tamaño. También
existen varios islotes deshabitados de menor tamaño, que forman parte del país:
Islote de las Rolas, Islote de las Cabras, Islote Bombón, Islote Carozo, Tiñosa
Grande y Tiñosa Pequeña.
Ecológicamente, ambas islas
forman parte de la ecorregión denominada selva de tierras bajas de Santo Tomé,
Príncipe y Annobón.
Después de la independencia, el
país ha centralizado su economía y la mayoría de los medios de producción son y
están controlados por el Estado. La Constitución garantiza una economía mixta,
con cooperativas privadas combinadas con propiedad y medios de producción
pública.
En 1987, se implementó un
programa de ajuste del Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) y se invitó a capitales
privados a participar en actividades relacionadas con la agricultura, el
comercio, los bancos y el turismo. Las reformas de los noventa se centraron en
la privatización, especialmente en la agricultura y los sectores industriales.
El gobierno santotomense viene
obteniendo ayuda extranjera de varios donantes, incluido el Programa de las
Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, el Banco Mundial, la Unión Europea,
Portugal, Taiwán, y el Banco de Desarrollo Africano. En abril de 2000, el FMI
aprobó una reducción de la pobreza e instalación del crecimiento para Santo
Tomé que tenía como resultado reducir la inflación a un 3% en 2001, crecimiento
de la economía a un 4% y reducción del déficit fiscal. A finales de 2000, el
país fue reconocido por su significante reducción en su deuda.
En 2001, Santo Tomé y Nigeria
llegaron a un acuerdo para la exploración conjunta de las aguas reclamadas por
ambos países en la provincia del Delta Nigeriano.
Actualmente se está intentando
potenciar el turismo aunque por ahora la existencia de estas islas es
prácticamente desconocida para la mayoría de las agencias de viajes no
portuguesas.
La emisión de sellos postales,
principalmente destinado al coleccionismo filatélico, es también una importante
fuente de ingreso para su economía.
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